Los cantantes Hernán Genovese, Esteban Riera y Jesús Hidalgo y un repertorio tan clásico como contemporáneo. 29.09.2011 | Por Eduardo Slusarczuk es

Los cantantes Hernán Genovese, Esteban Riera y Jesús Hidalgo y un repertorio tan clásico como contemporáneo.

29.09.2011 | Por Eduardo Slusarczuk eslusarczuk@clarin.com Podria interesarte
Tango a tres bandas La propuesta no es nueva.

Tango a tres bandas nació hace algo más de un año, cuando Hernán Genovese, Esteban Riera y Jesús Hidalgo decidieron que además de compartir los picados semanales y el privilegio de haber ganado el Concurso Hugo del Carril, en diferentes ediciones, podían hacer algo juntos sobre el escenario de Los 36 billares.

La idea prendió, el público se enganchó, acompañó y forzó -aunque no haya representado tanto esfuerzo ponerla en marcha- una segunda etapa, que va por su tercera fecha, en La aurora del tango.

“Intentamos hacer un espectáculo descontracturado, en el que se alternan canciones cantadas como solistas, dúos y tríos -algo no tan común-, acompañados por un trío de guitarras, en el que el humor juega un papel relevante”, resume Genovese, cuyos primeros pasos frente al público los dio en el legendario Si lo sabe, cante de Roberto Galán.

Aunque desde el título, el espectáculo remite a la música de Buenos Aires, el cantante aclara que no se trata de un repertorio rígido. “La estructura permite que nos salgamos del género y que yo cante temas en italiano o en francés, que Esteban haga alguna canción de Los Beatles o Sinatra, o que Jesús -oriundo de Bragado- se le anime a alguna zamba”, explica.

Además, tanto Genovese como Rody Groppo, director y productor de Tango a tres bandas , resaltan que a la hora de darle forma al repertorio trataron de evitar el formato for export .

“No es que dejemos de lado los clásicos, que también abordamos, pero también le damos un espacio destacado a composiciones de autores contemporáneos”, señala Genovese. Enseguida menciona a Juan Carlos Núñez, a Hugo Pardo y a las duplas Raimundo Rosales-Marcelo Saraceni y Nacho Wisky-Jorge Giuliano. Y agrega que se reserva un hueco para sus propias composiciones.

Con la mirada puesta en unas cuantas puertas que parecen estar a punto de abrirse, y que permitirían expandir el campo de acción del terceto, Genovese admite que por el momento no piensan en una fecha de vencimiento para el espectáculo.

“Por ahora, seguimos adelante, y vamos viendo qué pasa. Como cuesta bastante que los tres coincidamos en Buenos Aires, aprovechamos ese tiempo al máximo. Sobre todo, si la gente nos sigue acompañando como hasta ahora”, remata.

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GRAMMY AWARDS 2011 PRIZE PREMIOS Nominados General Calle 13 encabeza la lista de nominados a los Latin Grammy con un récord de 10 postulaciones, se

GRAMMY AWARDS 2011 PRIZE PREMIOS Nominados General

Calle 13 encabeza la lista de nominados a los Latin Grammy con un récord de 10 postulaciones, seguido por el productor Rafa Arcaute con seis, Franco de Vita con cinco y Marco Antonio Solis con cuatro, se anunció el miércoles.

El popular dúo puertorriqueño de Música urbana consiguió una decena de candidaturas que incluyen mejor álbum y mejor álbum de Música urbana por “Entren los que quieran“, y mejor canción y grabación del año por “Latinoamérica“.

Los grupos Maná y Zoé, así como Shakira, Ricky Martin, Pablo Alborán, Desmond Child, Paquito D’Rivera y Sebastian Krys consiguieron tres nominaciones cada uno, mientras que con dos figuran, entre otros, el trío de Alex Jorge y Lena, Rubén Blades, Los Tigres del Norte, Don Omar, Alejandra Guzmán, Wisin y Yandel y Pitbull.

En las categorías generales se medirán por el gramófono dorado a la grabación del año, además de Calle 13, Franco De Vita y Alejandra Guzmán por su dueto “Tan solo tú”, Luis Fonsi por “Gritar”, Los Tigres del Norte por “Golpes en el Corazón” y Ricky Martin por “Lo Mejor de Mi Vida Eres Tú“, con la colaboración de Natalia Jiménez.

Por la presea a la canción del año compiten, además de Calle 13 y Ricky Martin, Marco Antonio Solis por “A dónde vamos a parar”, Jorge Drexler por “Que el soneto nos tome por sorpresa” y Pablo Alborán por “Solamente tú“.

También compiten por la estatuilla al álbum del año Alex, Jorge y Lena por su disco homónimo, De Vita por “En primera fila”, Enrique Iglesias por “Euphoria” y Shakira por “Sale el sol“.

La codiciada estatuilla al mejor artista nuevo se disputará entre Alborán, Max Capote, Paula Fernández, Il Volo y Sie7e.
En su 12a edición, la ceremonia de los Latin Grammy se transmitirá en vivo el 10 de noviembre desde Las Vegas.

Gabriel Abaroa, presidente de la Academia Latina de la Grabación, dijo el miércoles durante el anuncio de los nominados que el reconocimiento a la Persona del Año, que suele celebrarse en grande en la víspera del Latin Grammy, se anunciará en los próximos días.
Fuente: Terra

Videos de Calle 13Musica Online de Calle 13Fotos de Calle 13Wallpapers de Calle 13Más Letras de Calle 13

Grabación del AñoTan Solo Tú
Franco De Vita con Alejandra Guzmán. David Cabrera & Franco De Vita, producers; Juan Pablo Falluca & Sebastian Krys, engineers/mixers. Track from: En Primera Fila [Sony Music Latin]
Latinoamérica
Calle 13 Featuring Totó La Momposina, Susana Baca y Maria Rita; Rafa Arcaute & Calle 13, producers; Felipe Alvarez, R. Arcaute, Eduardo Cabra, David Cárdenas, Iván Gutiérrez, Ramón Martínez, Edgardo Matta, Daniel Ovie & Carlos Velazquez, eng./mixers. Trac
Gritar
Luis Fonsi. Armando Avila, prod.; A. Avila, L. Fonsi, Sebastian Krys, Juan Carlos Moguel, Francisco Oroz & Pepe Ortega, eng./mixers; Track from: Tierra Firme [Universal Music Latino]
Golpes En El Corazón
Los Tigres Del Norte, Feat. Paulina Rubio. Gustavo Borner & Los Tigres Del Norte, prod. Nick Baxter, G. Borner, Juan Pablo Falluca, Justin Moshkevich, eng./mix. Track: Los Tigres Del Norte & Friends [MTV Unplugged Fonovisa/Universal Music Latin Ent.]
Lo Mejor De Mi Vida Eres Tú
Ricky Martin Feat. Natalia Jiménez. Desmond Child, producer; Carlos Álvarez, Chris Baseford, Bob Clearmountain, Jules Gondar, Enrique Larreal, J.C. Monterrosa & Jon Vella, eng./mixers. Track from: Musica + Alma + Sexo [Sony Music Latin]
Canción del AñoA Dónde Vamos A Parar
Marco Antonio Solís, songwriter (Marco Antonio Solís). Track from: En Total Plenitud [Fonovisa Records / Universal Music Latin Ent.]
Latinoamérica
Rafa Arcaute & Calle 13, songwriters (Calle 13 Featuring Totó La Momposina, Susana Baca y Maria Rita); Track from: Entren Los Que Quieran [Sony Music Latin]
Que El Soneto Nos Tome Por Sorpresa (On The Soundtrack LOPE)
Jorge Drexler, songwriter (Jorge Drexler) Track from: B.S.O. Lope [Warner Music Spain]
Solamente Tú
Pablo Alborán, songwriter (Pablo Alborán). Track from: Pablo Alborán [EMI Music Spain]
Lo Mejor De Mi Vida Eres Tú
Eric Bazilian, Claudia Brant, Andreas Carlsson, Desmond Child & Ricky Martin, songwriters (Ricky Martin Featuring Natalia Jiménez) Track from: Musica + Alma + Sexo [Sony Music Latin]
Mejor Nuevo ArtistaPablo Alborán
Pablo Alborán
Max Capote
Max Capote
Paula Fernandes
Paula Fernandes
Il Volo
Il Volo
Sie7e
Sie7e
Álbum del AñoAlex, Jorge Y Lena
Alex, Jorge y Lena. Aureo Baqueiro, producer; Nick Baxter & Gustavo Borner, engineers/mixers; Tom Baker, mastering engineer. [Warner Music Latina]
Entren Los Que Quieran [Sony Music Latin]
Calle 13. E. Abraham/R. Arcaute/C. 13 prod. F. Álvarez/R. Arcaute, J. Blais/E. Cabra/D. Cárdenas/G. Castañón/ I. Gutierrez/L. Levin/J. Martínez/R. Martinez/E. Matta/D. Ovie/R. Vázquez/C. Velazquez/C. Wakeman/D. Warner, eng/mix. J. Cruz, mastering engineer
En Primera Fila
Franco De Vita. David Cabrera & Franco De Vita, producers; Juan Pablo Falluca & Sebastian Krys, engineers/mixers; Mike Couzzi, mastering engineer [Sony Music Latin]
Euphoria
Enrique Iglesias. Fernando Garibay, Nesty, Carlos Paucar, RedOne, Mark Taylor & Victor "El Nasi", prod. Kiko Hurtado, Nesty, Robert Orton, C. Paucar, RedOne, P. Tann, eng./mix.; Brian Gardner, mstr. eng. Universal Music Latino/ Universal Republic Records
Sale El Sol [Epic/Sony Music Latin]
Shakira/J. Abraham/L. Burton/C. 13/G. Cerati/El Cata/J. Hill/L. & A. Menéndez/ L.F. Ochoa/Oligee prod. E. Bergallo/M. Brauer/G. Celis/D. Clauss/A. Leader, L. Méndez/M. Needham/J. Numa,/A. Rod./J. Shakhovskoy/E. Will, Ed Wil./ eng./mix; S. Marcussen (eng.)
GenerosGeneral20Regional Mexicana27Pop15Urbana10Rock11Tropical26Alternativa10Cantautor5Cristiana11Brasileña36Tradicional15Infantil7Jazz5Instrumental5Clasica12Empaque5Producción10Video Musical12© 2011 - The Latin Recording Academy®. Latin GRAMMY Nominados Pop
Mejor Álbum Vocal Pop FemeninoManuscrito
Claudia Brant [E35 Music]
Seducción
Myriam Hernández [Universal Music Latino]
Guerra Fría
Malú [Ariola / Sony Music]
Acordes De Mi Diario
Merche Universal Music Spain, S.L. / Vale Music]
Sale El Sol
Shakira [Epic/Sony Music Latin]
Mejor Álbum Vocal Pop MasculinoPablo Alborán
Pablo Alborán [EMI Music Spain]
Bien Acompañado
Reyli [Sony Music Mexico]
Viva El Príncipe
Cristian Castro [Universal Music Latin]
En Primera Fila
Franco De Vita [Sony Music Latin]
En Total Plenitud
Marco Antonio Solís [Fonovisa Records/Universal Music Latin]
Mejor Álbum Vocal Pop Dúo o GrupoAlex, Jorge Y Lena
Alex, Jorge Y Lena [Warner Music Latina]
Sueño Electro I
Belanova [Universal Music Mexico]
Edicion En Español
Il Volo [Geffen/Universal Music Latino]
Al Fin Te Encontre
Río Roma [Sony Music Mexico]
Siam
Siam [EMI Music Colombia]
GenerosGeneral20Regional Mexicana27Pop15Urbana10Rock11Tropical26Alternativa10Cantautor5Cristiana11Brasileña36Tradicional15Infantil7Jazz5Instrumental5Clasica12Empaque5Producción10Video Musical12© 2011 - The Latin Recording Academy®. Latin GRAMMY

carmina burana iñaki ballet bremmer pasion tango

carmina burana iñaki ballet bremmer pasion tango

TANGO

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Publicado por Oscar el septiembre 8, 2011 a las 5:16am; View Blog. Laura Legazcue,pebeta,yorugua,diosa sideral. Farabute es una

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ALICIA ALONSO LAURA LEGAZCUE VIAJO A CUBA PARA CONOCERLA

PARA CONOCERLA Y ADMIRAR SU TRABAJO EN EL BALLET

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Alicia Alonso
Alicia Alonso

Nacimiento 21 de diciembre de 1920 (90 años)
La Habana, Cuba
Nacionalidad Cubana
Ocupación Bailarina, coreógrafa
Cónyuge Fernando Alonso (bailarín)
Hijos Laura Alonso


Alicia Alonso bailando
Alicia Alonso nacida Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad del Cobre Martínez del Hoyo (n. La Habana, Cuba, 21 de diciembre de 1920). Prima Ballerina Absoluta del Ballet Nacional de Cuba, bailarina y coreógrafa cubana. Considerada como una leyenda y muy famosa por sus representaciones de Giselle y Carmen, además de otras grandes obras del repertorio clásico y romántico. Es sin dudas, la figura cimera del ballet en iberoamérica y uno de los grandes mitos de la danza en toda su historia.
Contenido [ocultar]
1 Primeros años
2 En el American Ballet Theatre=
2.1 Artista consagrada
2.2 Alicia Alonso y el Ballet Nacional de Cuba
2.3 Reconocimientos
2.4 Referencias
2.5 Enlaces externos
[editar]Primeros años

Alicia Alonso nació el [21 de diciembre] de [1920], en [La Habana], [Cuba], hija de padres españoles, fue la más pequeña de cuatro hermanos y comenzó el aprendizaje de la danza a la edad de nueve años. Empezó sus estudios de ballet en la Sociedad Pro-Arte Musical, fundada con aportaciones privadas por María Teresa Garcia Montes en [La Habana], con Sophia Fedorova y bailó en Cuba con el nombre de Alicia Martínez. Después de casarse con [Fernando Alonso (bailarín)|Fernando Alonso] cuando tenía quince años, en Estados Unidos, cambió su apellido por el de Alonso. Cuando Alicia llegó a la ciudad de [Nueva York] estudió con Anatole Vilzak y Ludmilla Shollar en la escuela del American Ballet Theater y después con Vera Volkova en [Londres].
Desde los diecinueve años, Alicia padeció de un defecto en un ojo por lo que era parcialmente ciega. Sus compañeros tenían que estar siempre en el lugar exacto donde ella esperaba que estuviesen y utilizaba luces en sitios diferentes del escenario para que la guiaran.
En [Nueva York], Alicia bailó en los musicales de Great Lady en [1938] y Stars in your eyes en [1939]. Fue solista en el American Ballet en [1939] y [1940].
[editar]En el American Ballet Theatre=

Alonso fue una de los miembros fundadores del American Ballet Theater en 1940 y en 1943 se convirtió en una de sus bailarinas más destacadas. El 2 de noviembre de ese mismo año, Alonso protagonizó la famosa sustitución en Giselle que debió ser interpretado por otra grande, Alicia Markova, la cual no pudo bailar, papel que fue asumido emergentemente por Alicia. Desde entonces Alonso se hizo mundialmente famosa con el personaje de la inocente campesina, engañada y convertida en Willy. En el American Ballet, Alonso recreó papeles principales en la obra de Anthony Tudor llamada Undertow y en Theme and Variations de George Balanchine, una de sus más grandes creaciones. Debido a una enfermedad que tuvo Nora Kaye, Alonso pudo bailar como prima ballerina en Fall River Legend de Agnes De Mille en 1948. En el American Ballet Theater pudo trabajar con Michel Fokine, George Balanchine, Léonide Massine, Bronislava Nijinska, Anthony Tudor, Jerome Robbins y Agnes de Mille, además de otros coreógrafos relevantes de nuestro siglo. La pareja formada por Alicia e Igor Youskevitch fue uno de los mejores equipos y junto a él pudo participar en los Ballets Rusos en Montecarlo en 1955.
[editar]Artista consagrada

Entre 1955 y 1959, Alicia bailó cada año con los Ballets Rusos de Montecarlo como estrella invitada. Fue la primera bailarina del hemisferio oeste en actuar en la entonces Unión Soviética y la primera representante americana en bailar con el Bolshoi y el Kirov en los teatros de Moscú y Leningrado (San Petersburgo) en 1957 y 1958 respectivamente. Durante décadas Alicia Alonso siguió haciendo giras mundiales en países europeos, en Asia, en el norte y sur de América y bailó como estrella invitada en el Ballet de la Ópera de París, con el Royal Danish Ballet, con el Bolshoi y con otras muchas compañías.
Ha representado sus versiones de Giselle, el Grand Pas de Quatre y La Bella Durmiente del Bosque para la Ópera de París entre otras. También ha representado Giselle en la Ópera de Viena y en el teatro San Carlo de Nápoles, en Italia; La Fille Mal Gardée en la Ópera de Praga y La Bella Durmiente en el Teatro alla Scala en Milán.
[editar]Alicia Alonso y el Ballet Nacional de Cuba

1948 - (28 de octubre): se funda, con el nombre de Ballet Alicia Alonso, el actual Ballet Nacional de Cuba, primera compañía profesional de ballet en la historia del país
- Se incorporan a la compañía obras que serían importantes en su repertorio, como las versiones completas de Giselle, Coppélia, Las sílfides y el Grand pas de quatre.
1948-1949 - La joven compañía realiza su primera gira internacional, por países de Latinoamérica.
1950 - Se funda la Academia Nacional de Ballet Alicia Alonso, donde se forjarían las nuevas generaciones de bailarines cubanos y el método pedagógico de la escuela cubana de ballet. Ha dirigido con férreo puño el BNC.
- (9 de abril): se estrena Ensayo sinfónico, coreografía de Alicia Alonso, incorporada al año siguiente al repertorio del Ballet Theatre.
1951 - (2 de enero): Alicia Alonso estrena su ballet Lydia e interpreta el personaje central de la obra.
1952 - Se incorpora al repertorio La fille mal gardée, de Alicia Alonso, y Un concierto en blanco y negro, de José Parés, obras que se han mantenido vigentes durante toda la historia de la compañía.
1954 - (24 de enero): La compañía realiza el estreno en América Latina de la versión completa del ballet El lago de los cisnes. Actúa por primera vez en el célebre Teatro Colón, de Buenos Aires.
1955 - La compañía adopta el nombre de Ballet de Cuba.
1956 - (20 de mayo): El Ballet de Cuba realiza el estreno en América de Romeo y Julieta, de Prokofiev, con una coreografía de Alberto Alonso.
- El Ballet de Cuba se enfrenta a la agresión del gobierno de Batista, que trata de convertirlo en su agente propagandístico, y al no conseguirlo le retira el apoyo económico estatal. Alicia Alonso da a conocer una carta pública de denuncia. Se realiza una gira de protesta nacional que culmina con una Función de Homenaje y Desagravio, organizada por la FEU en el Estadio Universitario. La prima ballerina radicaliza su posición negándose a bailar en Cuba mientras se mantuviera en el poder la tiranía.
1957-58 - Alicia Alonso es invitada a bailar en los principales teatros de la Unión Soviética. Con Fernando Alonso que la acompaña, toma contacto directo con las tradiciones del ballet de ese país.
- Ausente de los escenarios de su patria, Alonso lleva consigo a los Estados Unidos a algunas de las más prometedoras figuras cubanas, con el fin de que no perdieran su entrenamiento mientras se mantuviesen interrumpidas las actividades del Ballet de Cuba.
1959 - Se reorganiza la compañía, ahora con la denominación de Ballet Nacional de Cuba, y emprende una amplia gira por Latinoamérica, como embajada cultural del Gobierno Revolucionario.
1960 - (24 de febrero): se estrena Despertar, de Enrique Martínez, primer ballet inspirado en la gesta revolucionaria cubana.
- Se realiza el I Festival Internacional de Ballet de La Habana, que habría de convertirse en uno de los eventos de mayor relieve dentro de este arte, a escala mundial.
- Se lleva a cabo la primera gira por los países socialistas de Europa y Asia, que incluyó actuaciones en los célebres teatros Bolshoi de Moscú y Kirov de Leningrado.
1962 - Josefina Méndez y Mirta Plá son ascendidas a la categoría artística de primeras bailarinas.
1963 - El Instituto Cubano del Arte e Industria Cinematográficos (ICAIC), filma la versión coreográfica de Alicia Alonso del ballet Giselle. El filme, dirigido por Enrique Pineda Barnet, fue centralizado por Alicia Alonso y contó con las interpretaciones de Azari Plisetski, Mirta Plá y el elenco del Ballet Nacional de Cuba.
1964 - Bailarines del Ballet Nacional de Cuba participan por vez primera en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Varna, Bulgaria, donde Mirta Plá y Josefina Méndez obtienen medallas y comienza a tener resonancia mundial la escuela cubana de ballet.
1965 - Loipa Araújo obtiene por primera vez para Cuba la Medalla de Oro en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Varna, distinción que posteriormente ganaría Aurora Bosch (1966).
- (19 de junio): se estrena Majísimo, de Jorge García, divertimento coreográfico aún vigente en el repertorio de la compañía.
- Loipa Araújo y Aurora Bosch son ascendidas a la categoría artística de primeras bailarinas.
- (20 de abril y 1 de agosto) Se estrena la obra Carmen, de Alberto Alonso, en el Ballet del Teatro Bolshoi de Moscú y en el Ballet Nacional de Cuba. Alicia Alonso, como intérprete del personaje principal, con el ballet cubano, recibiría aclamación internacional.
- (1ro. de diciembre): el Ballet Nacional de Cuba auspicia la creación del Ballet de Camagüey, segunda compañía profesional en el país.
- (16 de diciembre): Alberto Alonso estrena El güije, obra significativa en la creación coreográfica cubana.
- (22 de diciembre): se revela una joven figura del ballet cubano, cuando Marta García interpreta Días que fueron noches, con música del segundo movimiento del Concierto de Aranjuez, de Joaquín Rodrigo.
- (22 de diciembre): Iván Tenorio inicia su labor como coreógrafo del Ballet Nacional de Cuba, al crear su obra Adagio para dos, con música de Samuel Barber, centralizada por María Elena Llorente.
1968 - Se gradúan por primera vez bailarines formados íntegramente en las Escuelas de Arte creadas por la Revolución.
- Marta García obtiene el Primer Premio, Categoría Juvenil, en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Varna, distinción que posteriormente obtendría Rosario Suárez (1970).
1969 - El Ballet Nacional de Cuba actúa por primera vez en el Gran Teatro Liceo de Barcelona, España.
1970 - Alicia Alonso y el Ballet Nacional de Cuba obtienen el Grand Prix de la Ville de Paris; y las bailarinas Loipa Araújo, Marta García, Mirta Plá y Josefina Méndez, el Premio Estrella de Oro, en el VIII Festival Internacional de la Danza celebrado en la capital francesa.
- (1ro. de mayo) Alberto Méndez se inicia como coreógrafo con la obra Plásmasis, con música de Sergio Fernández Barroso, ballet que obtiene Premio de Coreografía Moderna en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Varna, Bulgaria.
- (5 de noviembre): se estrena Edipo Rey, coreografía originalmente firmada por Jorge Lefebre. Con la interpretación del personaje de Yocasta por Alicia Alonso, y el de Edipo por Jorge Esquivel, esta obra constituyó un éxito de la compañía durante varios años.
1971 - Alicia Alonso, acompañada por Cyril Atanassoff, Bailarín Estrella de la Ópera de París, actúa en dos funciones de Giselle, celebradas los días 2 y 5 de diciembre, en el Teatro García Lorca, previas al montaje de su versión coreográfica de la obra en el célebre teatro de la capital francesa.
1972 - Alicia Alonso realiza el montaje de su versión coreográfica del ballet Giselle e interpreta el rol protagonista, junto a Cyril Atanassov, en la Ópera de París, teatro donde en 1841 tuviera lugar el estreno mundial de esta obra. La primera bailarina cubana Josefina Méndez protagoniza también el ballet Giselle como artista invitada de esa institución, con Atanassov como partenaire.
- Jorge Esquivel es ascendido a la categoría artística de primer bailarín.
1973 - (1ro. de marzo): Alberto Méndez estrena Tarde en la siesta, con música de Ernesto Lecuona y diseños de Salvador Fernández, ballet considerado un clásico de la coreografía cubana. También se presenta por primera vez, Canto vital de Azari Plisetski, obra de frecuente inclusión en las programaciones de la compañía, por su exaltación de la danza masculina, un aspecto relevante de la escuela cubana de ballet.
- Amparo Brito obtiene Medalla de Oro en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Moscú, en la entonces Unión Soviética.
- La Universidad de La Habana otorga a Alicia Alonso el Título de Doctor Honoris Causa en Arte.
- Alicia Alonso realiza el montaje de su versión coreográfica del Grand pas de quatre para el teatro de la Ópera de París. Josefina Méndez interpreta el papel de Madame Taglioni en esa ocasión, como estrella invitada. También en esa misma temporada, la Méndez asume nuevamente el rol protagonista de Giselle, en tres representaciones de la obra, esta vez acompañada por el Bailarín Estrella, Jean Pierre Franchetti.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba celebra el 25 Aniversario de su fundación, con diferentes actividades y una temporada especial, en la que toman parte destacadas figuras extranjeras.
1974 - (15 de mayo): se estrena en La Habana la versión coreográfica completa de La bella durmiente del bosque con música de Tschaikovsky y coreografía de Alicia Alonso, y ese mismo año, la Ópera de París la incorpora a su repertorio.
- Alberto Alonso monta su coreografía de Carmen en el Teatro alla Scala de Milán, Italia.
- (24 de noviembre) Se produce el retorno de Alicia Alonso a los escenarios, con el ballet Mujer, después de un período de alejamiento de los mismos, con motivo de una delicada operación en sus ojos.
- Marta García es ascendida a la categoría artística de primera bailarina.
1975 - (12 de junio): Gustavo Herrera inicia su labor como coreógrafo del Ballet Nacional de Cuba.
- (25 de julio): Alicia Alonso, acompañada por Jorge Esquivel, reaparece en escenarios de los Estados Unidos, luego de tres lustros de impedirlo el gobierno norteamericano.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba inicia un amplio plan de colaboración con el movimiento danzario mexicano, que se mantendría vigente durante varios años.
- El I Congreso del Partido Comunista de Cuba incluye en sus «Tesis y Resoluciones» a la escuela cubana de ballet como uno de los grandes logros de la cultura revolucionaria.
1976 - Amparo Brito obtiene el Premio "A la Más Excelente Participación Individual" en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Japón, distinción que posteriormente obtendrían Marta García (1978) y Lázaro Carreño (1980).
- Iván Tenorio recibe Premio en Coreografía Moderna por su ballet Rítmicas, en el mencionado Concurso.
- Lázaro Carreño, María Elena Llorente y Orlando Salgado son ascendidos a la categoría artística de primeros bailarines.
1978 - (6 de febrero): se estrena el ballet Muñecos de Alberto Méndez, con música de Rembert Egües, obra de gran aceptación popular que se mantiene en el repertorio activo de la compañía.
- (21 de mayo): Alicia Alonso, el compositor italiano Luigi Nono y el artista plástico venezolano Jesús Soto se unen en su trabajo creativo para el estreno del ballet Génesis.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba realiza su primera gran gira por los Estados Unidos con actuaciones en el Metropolitan Opera House de Nueva York y el "Kennedy Center" de Washington DC.
- Se festeja el 30 aniversario de la fundación del Ballet Nacional de Cuba y el 35 del debut de Alicia Alonso en Giselle, en emotivos actos. La gala principal contó con la presencia de Fidel Castro.
- La artista chilena Hilda Riveros inicia su labor coreográfica en el Ballet Nacional de Cuba con obras como No hay perdón y La tierra combatiente.
- Alberto Méndez recibe Premio en Coreografía Moderna por su obra Muñecos, en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Japón.
1980 - (24 de marzo): La Unesco organiza en París una Gala Internacional en homenaje a Alicia Alonso.
- Alicia Alonso monta su coreografía de Giselle en el Teatro de la Ópera de Viena, Austria, y dicta una clase magistral sobre esa obra en el escenario de ese famoso coliseo.
- José Zamorano es ascendido a la categoría artística de primer bailarín.
1981 - El Consejo de Estado de la República de Cuba otorga la Orden "Félix Varela" de Primer Grado, máximo reconocimiento en el campo de la cultura que se confiere en el país a Alicia Alonso como personalidad artística y al Ballet Nacional de Cuba como institución.
- Alicia Alonso monta su coreografía de Giselle en el Teatro San Carlo de Nápoles, Italia. Ese mismo Teatro recibe a Alberto Méndez como coreógrafo invitado.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba celebra el 50 aniversario del debut escénico de Alicia Alonso. En todo el país se realizan numerosos homenajes, que concluyen con una emotiva gala celebrada en la Sala García Lorca del Gran Teatro de La Habana, el 29 de diciembre.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba durante su primera visita a Grecia actúa en el histórico anfiteatro Odeón de Herodes Aticus.
1982 - Se realiza el I Curso Práctico Internacional de la escuela cubana de ballet.
- (29 de octubre): el coreógrafo Alberto Méndez crea La Diva, María Callas in Memoriam, obra en la que Alicia Alonso reveló uno de los grandes personajes de su carrera.
1983 - Amparo Brito y Lázaro Carreño obtienen Medalla de Oro por pareja y las máximas distinciones individuales en el Concurso Latinoamericano de Ballet y Coreografía de Brasil: Premios "Marcia Haydée" y "Aldo Lotuffo", respectivamente. En el mismo certamen, Iván Tenorio recibe el Premio "Nina Verchinina" por su obra Rítmicas.
- Alicia Alonso monta su coreografía de La bella durmiente del bosque con música de Tschaikovsky, en el Teatro alla Scala de Milán, Italia.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba festeja el 30 aniversario del debut escénico de Mirta Plá con una Función de Gala.
- (19 de diciembre): la Universidad de La Habana celebra una Sesión Solemne en su Aula Magna, con motivo del cuadragésimo aniversario del debut de Alicia Alonso en el personaje central del ballet Giselle. En ese acto académico se resaltó la trascendencia, para la cultura cubana y universal, de los aportes que ha hecho Alicia Alonso como intérprete y coreógrafa de ese célebre ballet romántico.
- Loipa Araújo, Aurora Bosch, Mirta Plá y Jorge Esquivel reciben la Medalla "Alejo Carpentier" otorgada por el Consejo de Estado de la República de Cuba.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba, durante una amplia gira europea, actúa por primera vez en el célebre teatro La Fenice, de Venecia, Italia.
1985 - El Ballet Nacional de Cuba festeja el 30 aniversario del debut escénico de Loipa Araújo y Josefina Méndez con sendas Funciones de Gala.
1986 - El Ballet Nacional de Cuba festeja el 30 aniversario del debut escénico de Aurora Bosch, con una Función de Gala.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba, la Universidad de La Habana y la FEU, rememoran, por medio de una gala multitudinaria en el Estadio Universitario, la Función de Homenaje y Desagravio tributada a Alicia Alonso treinta años antes.
- Amparo Brito, Rolando Candia, Ofelia González, Fernando Jhones, Rosario Suárez y Andrés Williams son ascendidos a la categoría artística de primeros bailarines.
1987 - José Manuel Carreño obtiene la primera Medalla de Oro en el Concurso Internacional de Ballet celebrado en Nueva York, Estados Unidos.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba festeja el 30 aniversario del debut escénico de Marta García, con una Función de Gala.
- La compañía dedica una Gala a Alberto Alonso por sus 70 años, en ocasión de conmemorarse asimismo el 45 aniversario de su iniciación como coreógrafo y el 20 del estreno de sus obras El güije y Carmen.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba contribuye a la creación de la Facultad de Arte Danzario del Instituto Superior de Arte de Cuba. Esta institución otorga a Alicia Alonso el Título de Doctor Honoris Causa en Arte Danzario y a un grupo de personalidades del Ballet Nacional de Cuba la Categoría Docente de Profesor Titular Adjunto.
- Alicia Alonso, Alberto Méndez y Alberto Alonso, montan en la Ópera de Roma sus coreografías Grand pas de quatre, El poema del fuego y Diario perdido, respectivamente, esta última centralizada por Alicia Alonso.
- (17 de noviembre): el Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes de México ofrece un magno homenaje en el Palacio de Bellas Artes del Distrito Federal a Alicia Alonso, con motivo del cincuentenario de su debut escénico. En dicho homenaje participan los alumnos de la Escuela Nacional de Danza y bailarines del Ballet Nacional de Cuba y de la Compañía Nacional de Danza de México. La Gala, que incluyó la escenificación del Grand pas de quatre, en versión de la Alonso, culminó con la presentación del ballet Carmen, centralizado por la prima ballerina cubana.
1988 - El Ballet Nacional de Cuba celebra el 40 aniversario de su fundación con múltiples homenajes realizados por instituciones políticas, sociales y culturales.
- (6 de julio): se incorpora al repertorio de la compañía la versión completa del ballet Don Quijote.
- (8 de noviembre): Alicia Alonso crea la coreografía e interpreta el personaje principal de Dido abandonada, rescate de una obra dieciochesca, con música de Gasparo Angiolini sobre libretos de Virgilio y Metastasio. Entre otros reconocimientos, esta obra obtuvo el Premio de la Crítica en el Festival de Edimburgo celebrado en 1991.
- La compañía actúa por primera vez en el continente africano, con presentaciones en Argelia y Túnez.
- El Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA) declara oficialmente al Ballet Nacional de Cuba como Unidad Docente de ese alto centro de estudio.
1990 - José Manuel Carreño obtiene el Grand Prix del Concurso Internacional de Ballet de Jacksonville, Estados Unidos de América.
- (31 de julio): se produce el encuentro escénico de Alicia Alonso, Rudolf Nureyev, Victoria de los Ángeles y un grupo de estrellas del Ballet Nacional de Cuba, al estrenarse el ballet Poema del amor y del mar, de Alberto Méndez, durante el I Festival Internacional de Música y Danza de Palma de Mallorca, España.
1991 - Loipa Araújo, Aurora Bosch, Josefina Méndez y Mirta Plá reciben el Premio Anual del Gran Teatro de La Habana.
- (29 de diciembre): se realiza una Gala con motivo del 50 aniversario del estreno del ballet Giselle, con un montaje especial de la coreografía, en la cual participaron como intérpretes Alicia Alonso, todas las primeras figuras del Ballet Nacional de Cuba y otras personalidades históricas de la compañía.
1992 - Alberto Méndez realiza el montaje de una coreografía para el Teatro alla Scala, de Milán, en ocasión del Quinto Centenario del Descubrimiento de América.
- José Manuel Carreño, Lienz Chang, Lourdes Novoa y Jorge Vega son ascendidos a la categoría artística de primeros bailarines.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba actúa por primera vez en Australia, con presentaciones en el Festival de las Artes de Melbourne.
1993 - Se crea la Cátedra de Danza Alicia Alonso en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, en la que profesores del Ballet Nacional de Cuba inician un amplio plan de colaboración con el movimiento danzario español.
- Se festeja el 50º Aniversario del debut de Alicia Alonso en Giselle, con una temporada especial en el Gran Teatro de La Habana, a la que se suman numerosos homenajes, tanto en Cuba como en el extranjero. El 2 de noviembre, día del cincuentenario, Alicia Alonso baila una escena del segundo acto de ese ballet, acompañada por el primer bailarín Lienz Chang.
1994 - Alberto Méndez recibe el Premio Anual del Gran Teatro de La Habana.
- Carlos Acosta es promovido a la categoría artística de primer bailarín.
- (4 de noviembre): La compañía incorpora a su repertorio La sílfide, con música de Chopin, en la versión coreográfica de Augusto Bournonville.
1995 - Alicia Alonso y una representación del Ballet Nacional de Cuba actúan en el Festival Unidos Danzamos, celebrado en la ciudad de San Francisco, Estados Unidos de América, con motivo de 50 aniversario de la creación de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU).
- (9 de julio): Con motivo del centenario del natalicio del músico cubano Ernesto Lecuona, se presenta en el Gran Teatro de La Habana, una Gala formada íntegramente por coreografías con música del compositor, montadas por Alicia Alonso y Alberto Méndez.
1996 - Alihaydée Carreño y Lorna Feijóo son promovidas a la categoría artística de primeras bailarinas.
- (9 de marzo): se estrena el ballet La cenicienta, en versión de Pedro Consuegra sobre música de Johann Strauss y con diseños de Armin Heinemann.
1997 - Galina Álvarez, Vladimir Álvarez y Osmay Molina son promovidos a la categoría artística de primeros bailarines.
1998 - Alicia Alonso recibe el Premio Nacional de Danza, otorgado por primera vez por el Consejo Nacional de las Artes Escénicas del Ministerio de Cultura de Cuba y la Asociación de Artistas Escénicos de la UNEAC.
- La Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, España, otorga a Alicia Alonso el Título de Doctora Honoris Causa.
- Alicia Alonso recibe la Medalla de Oro del Círculo de Bellas Artes, de España, y la Orden de las Artes y las Letras, en el Grado de Comendadora, otorgada por el gobierno de Francia.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba festeja el aniversario 50 de su fundación con múltiples homenajes.
- Alicia Alonso recibe el Título de "Héroe del Trabajo de la República de Cuba". La Alonso y el Ballet Nacional de Cuba reciben también la Orden "Lázaro Peña" de Primer Grado, ambas distinciones otorgadas por el Consejo de Estado de la República de Cuba.
- Se estrena el ballet Tula, coreografía de Alicia Alonso, inspirado en la vida y obra de célebre poetisa cubana Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda con los auspicios de la Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE) y la Fundación Autor de España; y una nueva versión coreográfica del ballet Cascanueces, también de Alicia Alonso, en coproducción con la Fundación Teatro La Fenice, de Venecia y la Fundación Carlo Fenice, de Génova, Italia; ambas obras fueron estrenadas durante el XVI Festival Internacional de Ballet de La Habana.
- Víctor Gilí es promovido a la categoría artística de primer bailarín.
1999 - La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (Unesco) otorga a Alicia Alonso la Medalla "Picasso" por su contribución al desarrollo y difusión del arte de la danza en Cuba y el mundo.
- Josefina Méndez, Loipa Araújo y Alberto Méndez reciben la Orden "Félix Varela" de Primer Grado, otorgada por el Consejo de Estado de la República de Cuba.
- Martha García, María Elena Llorente, Orlando Salgado, Salvador Fernández y José Zamorano reciben la Medalla "Alejo Carpentier" otorgada por el Consejo de Estado de la República de Cuba.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba realiza una importante gira por España e Italia, que incluyó el estreno europeo de la versión de Cascanueces de la Alonso en el Teatro Palafenice de Venecia y el de la nueva producción de Coppelia en otros importantes teatros españoles.
- Alicia Alonso recibe la Medalla "Picasso" rogada por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (Unesco).
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba realiza una exitosa gira por los Estados Unidos que incluyó ocho ciudades de ese país.
2000 - A Alicia Alonso se le otorga la Orden José Martí del Consejo de Estado de la República de Cuba.
- Loipa Araujo, Josefina Méndez y Mirtha Plá se le otorgó el Doctorado en Arte Danzario por el Instituto Superior de Arte (ISA) y a Aurora Bosch el Doctorado en Ciencias del Arte.
- Alicia Alonso recibe el Premio Benios de la Danza otorgado en la ciudad de Stuttgart, Alemania, por la Asociación Internacional de la Danza.
2001 - Alicia Alonso recibe el Premio Extremadura a la creación 2001, a la Mejor Trayectoria Artística Iberoamericana, otorgado por la Consejería de Cultura del Gobierno Regional de Extremadura, España.
- Alicia Alonso es seleccionada como una de los dos mil intelectuales más eminentes del 2001 por el Centro Biográfico Internacional de Cambridge, Gran Bretaña.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba obtiene nuevamente éxitos durante sus actuaciones en los Estados Unidos en una amplia gira que incluyó 14 ciudades de ese país.
2002 - Alicia Alonso es nombrada embajadora de la República de Cuba por el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MINREX).
- Alicia Alonso recibe en París el título de embajadora de Buena Voluntad de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (Unesco). Francia.
- Alicia Alonso recibe la Medalla Vaslav Nijinski otorgada por el Comité de Medalla Vaslav Nijinski; el Ministerio de Cultura de Polonia y la Asociación Internacional de Amigos de Vaslav Nijinski de París, Francia.
- Alicia Alonso recibe el Doctorado Honoris Causa a las Artes, otorgado por la Universidad de Guadalajara, México.
- Después de casi cuatro décadas de su última visita Alicia Alonso y el Ballet Nacional de Cuba son aclamados en una exitosa gira por la República Popular China que incluyó las ciudades de Beijing y Shanghai.
2003 - Alicia Alonso durante la gira del Ballet Nacional de Cuba por Italia y España recibe la Medalla de la ciudad otorgada por la alcaldía de Perugia y el Premio Isabel Ferrer que le concede la Generalitat de Valencia, España.
- (23 de julio) El Ballet Nacional de Cuba participa en la II Bienal de Valencia, España. En la Nave de Sagunto tiene lugar el estreno mundial de Shakespeare y sus máscaras o Romeo y Julieta, con coreografía de Alicia Alonso y música de Charles Gounod.
- El Ballet Nacional de Cuba vuelve a obtener grandes éxitos en los Estados Unidos durante la gira que realiza por 19 ciudades de ese país.
- El 21 de septiembre fallece en Barcelona víctima del cáncer la primera bailarina Mirta Plá.
- Loipa Araújo, Aurora Bosch, Josefina Méndez y Mirta Plá reciben el Premio Nacional de Danza, otorgado por el Consejo Nacional de las Artes Escénicas del Ministerio de Cultura y la Unión Nacional de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba.
- Alicia Alonso recibe en París el Homenaje Mundial por el Día Internacional de la Danza, organizado por la Unesco, así como la Orden de la Legión de Honor, Grado Oficial, concedida por el Gobierno de Francia.
2004 - El Ballet Nacional de Cuba obtiene grandes éxitos durante las diversas giras que realiza por República Popular China, México, Panamá, España y Holanda.
2005 - El Ballet Nacional de Cuba recibe una gran acogida por parte del público y la crítica especializada durante sus presentaciones en el histórico teatro del Sadler’s Wells de Londres, cuna del ballet británico.
- Alicia Alonso es proclamada “Madre de la Danza Latinoamericana” durante la celebración del III Festival Internacional de Danza y Encuentro “Mujeres en la Danza”, efectuado en Quito, Ecuador.
- Alicia Alonso es galardonada con el Premio “Irene Lidova a toda una carrera”, el cual recibe en una Gala de Honor celebrada en Cannes, Francia.
2006 - El Ballet Nacional de Cuba cosecha nuevamente grandes éxitos durante sus actuaciones en el Teatro Sadler’s Wells, de Londres, y en su primera visita a Egipto, que incluyó presentaciones en los Teatros de la Ópera de El Cairo y Alejandría.
- Alicia Alonso y el Ballet Nacional de Cuba reciben el Premio de Honor “Cubadisco 2006”, otorgado por el Comité Organizador de la Feria Cubadisco.
- Entre el 28 de octubre y el 6 de noviembre se celebra la 20. edición del Festival Internacional de Ballet de La Habana, evento que ha conquistado un extraordinario prestigio mundial en sus 46 años de historia. Durante su celebración se producen los estrenos mundiales de Cuadros en una exposición (3 de noviembre), ballet inspirado en obras de un grupo de importantes artistas plásticos cubanos con coreografía de Alicia Alonso y música de Modest Mussorgsky; así como el de Desnuda luz del amor (4 de noviembre), obra con música de Ernest Chausson que fuera creada por Alicia Alonso para la afamada bailarina italiana Carla Fracci, la cual fue acompañada por las primeras figuras cubanas Víctor Gilí, Javier Torres y Taras Domitro.
Abre en el campus de Fuenlabrada de la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos el Instituto Superior de la Danza.
[editar]Reconocimientos

En junio de 2002 fue nombrada embajadora de buena voluntad de Unesco por su destacada contribución al desarrollo, conservación y divulgación de la danza clásica y por su devoción al medio de expresión artística, por lo que ha promovido los ideales de Unesco y la asociación de gentes y culturas del mundo.
A lo largo de sus más de 50 años en el mundo del ballet ha recibido 127 reconocimientos internacionales.
[editar]Referencias

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[editar]Enlaces externos

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BRASIL PERU DEUSES O filme peruano Dioses (Deuses) é a atração do Cine Ibermedia deste domingo (6), às 23h. Trata-se de uma crônica sobre a decadênc

DEUSES
O filme peruano Dioses (Deuses) é a atração do Cine Ibermedia deste domingo (6), às 23h. Trata-se de uma crônica sobre a decadência, a hipocrisia e o conformismo em um meio social fechado, onde os personagens atuam como Deuses, muito além das regras, da moralidade e da crença.
Diego está apaixonado por sua irmã, Andrea, e enfrenta a culpa e os prazeres que isto provoca. Andrea, no entanto, ocupa seu tempo em outras coisas: ela tem seus próprios segredos a esconder. Agostinho, o pai, trouxe para casa Elisa, sua nova namorada, 20 anos mais jovem, e de uma condição social e econômica mais humilde. Elisa vai ter que aprender rápido, se quer se tornar a senhora da sociedade que sempre quis ser.
Dioses participou de diversos festivais de todo o mundo e ganhou o prêmio de Melhor Filme no Festival internacional de Cinema de Biarritz e no Festival de Cinema de Havana. Inédito. 90 min.
Título original: Dioses. País: Peru, 2008. Países Coprodutores: Argentina, Francia, Alemania. Gênero: Drama. Direção: Josué Méndez com Maricielo Effio, Sergio Gjurinovic, Edgar Saba, Anahí de Cárdenas, Denisse Dibós, Magaly Solier, Pilar Brescia,Jason Day.
Não recomendado para menores de 18 anos
Horário: 23h
Reapresentação: Sexta, àNovidades
Filmes selecionados em editais da TV Brasil são vencedores em festivais
'Laura', de Fellipe Barbosa, acaba de receber o prêmio Golden Starfish, de Melhor Documentário, no Hamptons International Film Festival


Publicado em 03/11/2011 - 17h24 • Atualizado em 03/11/2011 - 18h03
O filme Laura, de Fellipe Barbosa, acaba de receber o prêmio Golden Starfish, de Melhor Documentário, no Hamptons International Film Festival. O documentário faz parte da série DOCTV América Latina, uma parceria entre a TV Brasil, produtores independentes e emissoras públicas dos países envolvidos. O longa conta a história de Laura, uma imigrante brasileira que mora em Nova York.
Outro filme premiado foi o Estradeiros, dirigido por Sergio Oliveira e Renata Pinheiro. Também produzido por meio do edital Longa Doc, foi o grande vencedor da Semana dos Realizadores, que aconteceu no Rio de Janeiro. O filme conquistou o prêmio de Melhor Longa e registra o estilo de vida dos que vivem livres no mundo, nômades no sub-continente da América Latina. Um road movie que passa por Peru, Buenos Aires, São Tomé das Letras, Recife e São Paulo.
A Semana dos Realizadores ainda premiou A Cidade é uma só?, de Adirley Queirós. Vencedor do Prêmio Especial do Júri, também foi coproduzido pela TV Brasil por meio do edital “Brasília 50 anos”. O filme faz uma reflexão sobre os 50 anos de Brasília, tendo como foco a discussão sobre o processo permanente de exclusão territorial e social que uma parcela considerável da população do Distrito Federal e do Entorno sofre, e de como essas pessoas restabelecem a ordem social através do cotidiano.
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Novidades
VEJA

Roda Viva | Seg, 07/11 - 0h
Jô Soares no Roda Viva
Mobilização | Sáb, 12/11 – 09h
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A TV Que Se Faz No Mundo | Qua, 09/11 -1h
A televisão na Itália
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Compar

Federative Republic of Brazil República Federativa do Brasil (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Ordem e Progresso" (Portuguese) "Order and Prog

Federative Republic of Brazil
República Federativa do Brasil (Portuguese)

Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Ordem e Progresso"
(Portuguese)
"Order and Progress"
Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro
(Portuguese)
"Brazilian National Anthem"
National seal
Selo Nacional do Brasil
(Portuguese)
"National Seal of Brazil"

Capital Brasília
15°45′S 47°57′W
Largest city São Paulo
Official language(s) Portuguese[1]
Ethnic groups (2008
[2] ) 48.43% White
43.80% Brown (Multiracial)
6.84% Black
0.58% Asian
0.28% Amerindian
Demonym Brazilian
Government Federal presidential constitutional republic
- President Dilma Rousseff (PT)
- Vice President Michel Temer (PMDB)
- President of the Chamber of Deputies Marco Maia (PT)
- President of the Senate José Sarney (PMDB)
- Chief Justice Cezar Peluso
Legislature National Congress
- Upper House Federal Senate
- Lower House Chamber of Deputies
Independence from United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
- Declared 7 September 1822
- Recognized 29 August 1825
- Republic 15 November 1889
- Current constitution 5 October 1988
Area
- Total 8,514,877 km2 (5th)
3,287,597 sq mi
- Water (%) 0.65
Population
- 2011 census 192 376 496 [3] (5th)
- Density 22/km2 (182nd)
57/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate
- Total $2.309 trillion[4] (7th)
- Per capita $11,485[4] (75th)
GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate
- Total $2.517 trillion[4] (6th)
- Per capita $12,916[4] (54th)
Gini (2010) ▼49.3[5] (high) (0.449)
HDI (2011) 0.718[6] (high) (84th)
Currency Real (R$) (BRL)
Time zone BRT[7] (UTC-2 to -4[7])
- Summer (DST) BRST (UTC-2 to -4)
Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (CE)
Drives on the right
ISO 3166 code BR
Internet TLD .br
Calling code +55
Brazil i/brəˈzɪl/ (Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil[8][9] (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people.[10][11] It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in the world.[10]
Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 km (4,655 mi).[10] It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas region of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[10] It borders all other South American countries except Ecuador and Chile.
Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to the rank of kingdom and the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was formed. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese colonial Empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.[12] The independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves was achieved in 1822. Initially independent as the Empire of Brazil, period when it was a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, the country has been a presidential republic since 1889, after a military coup d'état proclaimed the Republic, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified.[12] Its current Constitution, formulated in 1988, defines Brazil as a Federal Republic.[13] The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.[13][14]
The Brazilian economy is the world's seventh largest economy by nominal GDP[4] and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity.[4] Brazil is one of the world's fastest growing major economies[citation needed].[15] Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition.[16] Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, CPLP, Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations, and is one of the BRIC countries. Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.[10]
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Portuguese colonization
2.2 Independence and Empire
2.3 Early republic
2.4 Contemporary era
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
3.2 Biodiversity
3.3 Environment
4 Politics
4.1 Law
4.2 Foreign relations
4.3 Military
4.4 Administrative divisions
5 Economy
5.1 Components and energy
5.2 Science and technology
5.3 Transport
6 Demographics
6.1 Religion
6.2 Urbanization
6.3 Language
7 Culture
7.1 Music
7.2 Literature
7.3 Cuisine
7.4 Sports
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Bibliographic
10 Further reading
11 External links
Etymology

Main article: Name of Brazil
The etymology of Brazil remains unclear. Traditionally, the word "Brazil" comes from brazilwood, a timber tree that many sailors traded from Brazilian regions to Europe in the 16th century.[17] In Portuguese brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from Latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[18][19][20] This theory is taught as official in schools of Brazil and Portugal.
However, the Brazilian scholar José Adelino da Silva Azevedo has postulated that the word is much older, either of Celtic or Phoenician origin. The Phoenicians traded a red dye extracted from a mineral mined in Celtic lands, from Iberia to Ireland.[21] In Irish mythology there is a Western island called Hy-Brazil, and this is seen by some, including the writer and philologist J.R.R. Tolkien,[22] as one of the most likely etymological sources for the name "Brazil". The same theory was also advanced by 16th century scholars.[17]
In the Guarani language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama". This was the name the natives gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees".
History

Main article: History of Brazil
Portuguese colonization
Main article: Colonial Brazil
See also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil and Slavery in Brazil
The land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral.[23] The Portuguese encountered stone age natives divided into several tribes, most of whom spoke languages of the Tupi–Guarani family, and fought among themselves.[24]
Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, colonization was effectively begun in 1534, when Dom João III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies,[25][26] but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony.[26][27] The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes[28] while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.[29][30] By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export[24][31] and the Portuguese imported African slaves[32][33] to cope with the increasing international demand.[29][34]


The first Christian mass in Brazil, 1500.
Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, taking São Luís in 1615.[35] They sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds,[36] founding villages and forts from 1669.[37] In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).[38]
At the end of the 17th century, sugar exports started to decline[39] but beginning in the 1690s, the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) in current Mato Grosso and Goiás, saved the colony from imminent collapse.[40] From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines.[41]
The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, and succeeded in conquering the Eastern Strip in 1777. However, this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian borders.[42]
In 1808, the Portuguese royal family and the majority of the Portuguese nobility, fleeing the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of the entire Portuguese Empire.[43] In 1815 Dom João VI, then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother, elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign Kingdom united with Portugal.[43] In 1809 the Portuguese invaded French Guiana (which was returned to France in 1817)[44] and in 1816 the Eastern Strip, subsequently renamed Cisplatina.[45]


The public flogging of a slave in Rio de Janeiro. From Jean-Baptiste Debret, Voyage Pittoresque et Historique au Bresil (1834–1839).
Independence and Empire
Main articles: Brazilian Independence and Empire of Brazil
King João VI returned to Europe on 26 April 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil.[46] The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.[47] The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.[48] On 12 October 1822, Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822.[49]


Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Emperor Pedro I on 7 September 1822.
At that time most Brazilians were in favour of a monarchy and republicanism had little support.[50][51] The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through almost the entire territory, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions.[52] The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824[53] and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.[54]
The first Brazilian constitution was promulgated on 25 March 1824, after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country.[55][56][57][58] Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and went to Europe to reclaim his daughter’s crown, leaving behind his five year old son and heir, who was to become Dom Pedro II.[59] As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives until he reached maturity, a regency was created.[60]
Disputes between political factions led to rebellions and an unstable, almost anarchical, regency.[61] It is estimated that from 30 to 40% of the population of the Province of Grão-Pará died during the Cabanagem revolt.[62] The rebellious factions, however, were not in revolt against the monarchy,[63][64] even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics, but only so long as Pedro II was a minor.[65] Because of this, Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and "Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress."[66]


Brazilian forces (in blue uniform) engage the Paraguayan army (some in red uniform and other shirtless) during the War of the Triple Alliance.
Despite the loss of Cisplatina in 1828 when it became an independent nation known as Uruguay,[67] Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the Paraguayan War, which left over 300,000 dead)[68] and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy, mainly due to successive elections and unrestricted freedom of the press.[69] Most importantly, slavery was extinguished after a slow but steady process that began with the end of the international traffic in slaves in 1850[70] and ended with the complete abolition of slavery in 1888.[71] The slave population had been in decline since Brazil's independence: in 1823, 29% of the Brazilian population were slaves but by 1887 this had fallen to 5%.[72]
When the monarchy was overthrown on 15 November 1889[73] there was little desire in Brazil to change the form of government[74] and Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among his subjects.[75][76] However, he "bore prime, perhaps sole, responsibility for his own overthrow."[77] After the death of his two sons, Pedro believed that "the imperial regime was destined to end with him."[78] He cared little for the regime's fate[79][80] and so neither did anything, nor allowed anyone else to do anything, to prevent the military coup, backed by former slave owners who resented the abolition of slavery.[81][82][83]
Early republic
Main articles: República Velha, Estado Novo (Brazil), and Brazilian Second Republic


The Brazilian coup d'état of 1930 raised Getúlio Vargas (center with military uniform but no hat) to power. He ruled the country for fifteen years.
From the beginning, the new republican government was little more than a military dictatorship,[73] and the new constitution restricted political rights, such as the right to vote,[84][85] yet provided for direct elections to be held in 1894.[86] However, as early as 1891, the nation experienced a series of setbacks, from the development of the encilhamento bubble[87][88] to the first naval revolt, and as a result, the country entered in a prolonged cycle of financial, social, and political instability, that would extend into the 1920s, as the country continued to be plagued by several rebellions, both civilian[89][90][91] and military.[92][93][94] Little by little, these events undermined the regime to such an extent, that by 1930 it was possible for a defeated presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas, to lead a coup d'état and assume the presidency,[95] simply by having the support of the majority of the military.[96]
Vargas and the military, who were supposed to assume the government temporarily to implement democratic reforms related to 1891's Constitution, closed the Congress and ruled with emergency powers, replacing the states' governors with their supporters.[97][98] Using the claim of Vargas's broken promises of change, in 1932 the oligarchy of São Paulo tried to regain the power,[99] and in 1935 the Communists followed suit, and rebelled,.[100] Both attempts were ultimately defeated, however, the communist threat served as an excuse for Vargas to preclude further elections, launching another coup d'état in 1937, creating a full dictatorship[101][102][103][104] In May 1938, there was another failed attempt to seize power by local fascists.[105][106]
In foreign policy, the success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries[107] in the early years of this period, was followed by a failed attempt to permanently exert a prominent role in the League of Nations[108] after military involvement in World War I.[109][110][111] Notwithstanding, Brazil remained neutral at the beginning of World War II until the Pan-American Conference of January 1942 when Brazil stood alongside the U.S.A. severing diplomatic relations with the Axis powers.[112] In retaliation, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy extended their submarine warfare against Brazil, which led the country to enter the war on the allied side in August of that year.[113][114]
With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in another military coup.[115] Democracy was reinstated and General Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president taking office in 1946.[116] Having returned to power democratically elected at the end of 1950, Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis.[117][118]
Contemporary era
Main articles: Military dictatorship (Brazil) and History of Brazil since 1985


The transition from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva indicated that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.
Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.[119] Juscelino Kubitscheck became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.[120] The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,[121] but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960.[122] His successor was Jânio Quadros, who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.[123] His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition[124] and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.[125]
The new regime was intended to be transitory[126] but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.[127] The repression of the dictatorship's opponents, including urban guerrillas,[128] was harsh, but not as brutal as in other Latin American countries.[129] Due to the extraordinary economic growth, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the years of repression.[130]
General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that he said would be "slow, gradual and safe."[131][132] Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889,[133] as well as the torture of political prisoners, censorship of the press,[134] and finally, the dictatorship itself, after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act.[127] However, the military regime continued, under his chosen successor General João Figueiredo, to complete the transition to full democracy.[135]
The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency[136] but, by the end of his term, he had become extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation.[137] Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.[138] Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance.
Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real (Royal or Real Plan)[139] that granted stability to the Brazilian economy[140] and he was elected as president in 1994 and again in 1998.[141] The peaceful transition of power to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006, proved that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.[142] Lula was succeeded in 2011 by the current president, Dilma Rousseff.[143]
Geography

Main article: Geography of Brazil
See also: List of countries and outlying territories by total area


Topography map of Brazil
Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,[144] sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.[10] Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.[144] Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W.
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China and the United States, and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of 8,514,876.599 km2 (3,287,612 sq mi),[145] including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water.[10] It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil) and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands.[7]
Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.[146] The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.[146] The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.[146]
The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).[146] These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar.[146] In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.[10]
Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.[147] Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.[147]
Climate
Main article: Climate of Brazil

Snow in Urubici, Santa Catarina in 2010 (South) and Tropical climate in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha.
The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.[10] According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, temperate, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.[148] Many regions have starkly different microclimates.[149][150]
An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.[148] Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),[150] with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.[149]
Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.[149] This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.[148] In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,[151] most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year[152] and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.[149] Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the most severe ever recorded in Brazil,[153] caused approximately half a million deaths.[154] The one from 1915 was devastating too.[155]
South of Bahia, near São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year .[148] The south enjoys temperate conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);[150] winter frosts are quite common, with occasional snowfall in the higher areas.[148][149]
Biodiversity
Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil and Deforestation in Brazil


The Amazon Rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world.
Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,[156] with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.[157] In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.[157]
The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Much of it, however, remains largely undocumented, and new species are regularly found.[citation needed] Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.[157]
Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes; peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.[157][158] Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.[159]
Environment
See also: Conservation in Brazil
Among the world's largest economies, Brazil is one of countries in which original forests (and forested area in general) are the most preserved, and is the only country in which private landowners must maintain some of the native flora untouched.[160] However, environmentalists note that the natural heritage of Brazil is threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, climate change, fire, and invasive species.[156] In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.[161] Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.[159][162] At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.[163]
Politics

Main article: Politics of Brazil


The National Congress in Brasília, the capital of Brazil.
The Brazilian Federation is the "indissoluble union" of three distinct political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.[13] The Union, the states and the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government." The Federation is set on five fundamental principles:[13] sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labour and freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution.[13] The executive and legislative are organized independently in all three spheres of government, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state/Federal District spheres.
All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.[164][165][166] Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.[164] Brazil has a multi-party system for most of its history. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.[13] Together with several smaller parties, four political parties stand out: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (DEM). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive.
The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system.[13] The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,[13] with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Dilma Rousseff who was inaugurated on January 1, 2011.[167] The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government.[13] Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively.
Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. The largest political parties are the Workers' Party (PT), Democrats (DEM), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB-center), Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB), Progressive Party (PP), Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Liberal Party (PL), Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Democratic Labor Party (PDT), and the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB).[168]
Law
Main articles: Law of Brazil and Crime in Brazil


Supreme Federal Court building at the Praça dos Três Poderes.
Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions[169] and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases.
The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.[170] As of April 2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.[171] Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions.[13][172] Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.[13] Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.[13] There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.[13] The highest court is the Supreme Federal Court.
This system has been criticised over the last few decades for the slow pace of decision making. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings.[173] Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via YouTube.[174][175] More recently, in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.[176]
Brazil continues to have high crime rates in a number of statistics, despite recent improvements. More than 500,000 people have been killed by firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003, according to a new report by the United Nations.[177] In 2010, there were 473,600 people incarcerated in Brazilian prisons and jails.[178]
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Brazil


Itamaraty Palace, headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America.[179][180] However, social and economic problems have prevented it from becoming an effective global power.[181] Between 1945 and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, and engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States.[182]
Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.[183] In general, current Brazilian foreign policy reflects multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries.[184] The Brazilian Constitution also determines that the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.[13][185][186][187]
An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.[188] Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.[188] Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year that includes:[188]
technical cooperation of around $480 million ($30 million in 2010 provided directly by the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC))
an estimated $450 million for in-kind expertise provided by Brazilian institutions specialising in technical cooperation
In addition, Brazil manages a peacekeeping mission in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme ($300 million).[188] This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India and ahead of many western donors.[188] The Brazilian South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting."[189]
Military
Main article: Brazilian Armed Forces
The armed forces of Brazil consist of the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force. With a total of 371,199 active personnel,[190] they comprise the largest armed force in Latin America.[191] The Army is responsible for land-based military operations and has 235,978 active personnel.[192]
The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the constitution, but is under the control of each state's governor.[13] The Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian armed forces and the only navy in Latin America to operate an aircraft carrier, the NAe São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy).[193] The Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces, and the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service.[194]
Administrative divisions

Atlantic
Ocean
Pacific
Ocean
North Region
Northeast Region
Central-West Region
Southeast Region
South Region
Acre
Amazonas
Pará
Roraima
Amapá
Rondônia
Tocantins
Maranhão
Bahia
Piauí
Ceará
Rio Grande
do Norte
Paraíba
Pernambuco
Alagoas
Sergipe
Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso
do Sul
Federal
District
Goiás
Minas Gerais
São Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
Espírito Santo
Paraná
Santa Catarina
Rio Grande
do Sul
Argentina
Bolivia
Chile
Colombia
French Guiana
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Main articles: States of Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil
See also: Regions of Brazil
Brazil is a federation composed of 26 States, one federal district (which contains the capital city, Brasília) and municipalities.[13] States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can only be voted by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.[13]
The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and also to define the application of federal funds in development projects.
Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.[13] Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county).
Economy

Main article: Economy of Brazil


An Embraer ERJ-135 commercial jet. Brazil is the world's third largest aircraft producer.
Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's seventh largest economy at market exchange rates and the eighth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Brazil has a mixed economy with abundant natural resources. The Brazilian economy has been predicted to become one of the five largest in the world in the decades to come, the GDP per capita following and growing.[195] Its current GDP (PPP) per capita is $10,200, putting Brazil in the 64th position according to World Bank data. It has large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool.[196]
Brazilian exports are booming, creating a new generation of tycoons.[197] Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coffee, orange juice, soybeans and corned beef.[198] The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries.[199]


São Paulo is the commercial and industrial center of Brazil.
Brazil pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998[200] and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Central Bank of Brazil temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.[201]
Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion,[202] then a record sum. Brazil's central bank paid back the IMF loan in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006.[203] One of the issues the Central Bank of Brazil recently dealt with was an excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country, which may have contributed to a fall in the value of the U.S. dollar against the real during that period.[204] Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007.[205] Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major part in the Central bank's role of setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.[206]
Between 1993 and 2010, 7'012 mergers & acquisitions with a total known value of $707 billion with the involvement of Brazlian firms have been announced.[207] The year 2010 was a new record in terms of value with 115 bil. USD of transactions. The largest transaction with involvement of Brazilian companies has been: Cia Vale do Rio Doce acquired Inco in a tender offer valued at $18.9 billion USD.
The purchasing power in Brazil is eroded by the so-called Brazil cost.[208]
Components and energy
Main articles: Agriculture in Brazil, Industry in Brazil, and Energy policy of Brazil


Itaipu Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation and second-largest by installed capacity.
Brazil's economy is diverse,[209] encompassing agriculture, industry, and many services.[197][210][211][212] The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring.[211][212] Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007,[213] a performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.[vague][214][215]
The industry — from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables— accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.[213] Industry, which is often technologically advanced, is highly concentrated in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte.[216]
Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its energy coming from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; nonrenewable energy is mainly produced from oil and natural gas.[217] A global power in agriculture and natural resources, Brazil experienced tremendous economic growth over the past three decades.[218] It is expected to become a major oil producer and exporter, having recently made huge oil discoveries.[219][220][221] The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity.[222][223]
Science and technology
Main article: Brazilian science and technology


Brazilian National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light in Campinas.
Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes. But more than 73% of funding for basic research still comes from government sources.[224] Some of Brazil's most notable technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilities[vague] in launch vehicles, launch sites and satellite manufacturing.[225]
Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands and plans are underway to build the country's first nuclear submarine.[226] Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America[227] with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. And Brazil is the first and only Latin American country to have a semiconductor company with its own fab, the CEITEC.[228]
Transport
Main article: Transport in Brazil


BR-116 highway in the outskirts of Fortaleza.
Brazil has a large and diverse transport network. Roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002. The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 184,140 km (114,425 mi) in 2002.[229]


Recife Airport
Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was 30,875 km (19,186 mi) in 2002, as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belongs to the Federal Railroad Corp., with a majority government interest. The government also privatized seven lines in 1997.[230] The São Paulo Metro was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Recife, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Teresina, Fortaleza, and Salvador.
There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States.[231] São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting the city with virtually all major cities across the world.[232]
Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are some of the most important.[vague][233]
Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Brazil and Brazilian people
See also: Immigration to Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil
Colour/Race (2008)[234]
White 48.43%
Brown (Multiracial) 43.80%
Black 6.84%
Asian 0.58%
Amerindian 0.28%
The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million[235] (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1[236] and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.[237] The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants.
The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.[238] From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.[239] Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, due to a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years[240] and to 72.6 years in 2007.[241] It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950–1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050 [242] thus completing the demographic transition.[243]


Brazilian ethnic diversity.


Brazilians of Italian descent with former President of Brazil, in Rio Grande do Sul.
According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about 83 million) as Brown (Multiracial), 6.84% (about 13 million) as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as Asian; and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as Amerindian, while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.[2]
In 2007, the National Indian Foundation reported the existence of 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.[244]
About 85% to 95% of Brazilians descend from the three main groups of the country's demographic formation, indigenous peoples, Portuguese settlers, and African slaves.[245] Many Brazilians (if not most of them) of a little or barely perceivable mixed origins include people who refer to themselves racially as White, Black or Asian, and people of those mixed origins can acknowledge it, take publicly and be accepted as belonging to the same racial group (overall, the social acceptance of miscegenation was always relatively high compared to some other Western societies, with exception of some communities and people belonging to some ideologies, and in some times influenced by sexist views, which sawed interracial relationships between a white female and a man of color as outrageous but between a white male and a woman of color as normal). Actually, it is somewhat expected among a portion of the more educated population (from all racial 'communities', but mainly from the Afro-Brazilian itself) that a person of Black African ancestry (and phenotype), even if noticeably miscegenated, should affirm itself as a Black person and not a Pardo one (since the historical stigma of being Black made many Afro-Brazilians denying their origins in the course of the history of the country, using Pardo, or Brown people, and moreno, or swarthy, as euphemisms for their own status of people of color — as well the same racial prejudices made many Brazilians with noticeable Multiracial and/or East Asian ancestry to classify themselves as White people, what may explain why the proportion of White Brazilians dropped sharply between 2000 and 2008, thanks to new perceptions of identity and self-image).


Population of Brazil, 1961–2003.
A comprehensive study presented by the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research found that on average, 'white' Brazilians have >70% European genomic ancestry, whereas 'black' Brazilians have 37.1% European genomic ancestry. It concluded that "The high ancestral variability observed in Whites and Blacks suggests that each Brazilian has a singular and quite individual proportion of European, African and Amerindian ancestry in his/her mosaic genomes. Thus, the only possible basis to deal with genetic variation in Brazilians is not by considering them as members of colour groups, but on a person-by-person basis, as 190 million human beings, with singular genome and life histories".[246]
Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, this considerable intermixing has taken place. The brown population (as multiracial Brazilians are officially called; pardo in Portuguese, also very colloquially moreno, or swarthy)[247][248] is a broad category that includes Caboclos (descendants of Whites and Amerindians), Mulattoes (descendants of Whites and Blacks) and Cafuzos (descendants of Blacks and Amerindians).[245][247][248][249][250][251] Caboclos form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Central-Western regions.[252] A large Mulatto population can be found in the eastern coast of the northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba[251][253] and also in northern Maranhão,[254][255] southern Minas Gerais[256] and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.[251][256] From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them from Portugal, Italy, Spain, other countries in Western, Central and Eastern Europe (especially Germany), Japan, the Middle East and the United States.[257]
In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%[258] and among the youth (ages 15–19) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.[259] Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.[260]
Brazilian Population, by Race, from 1872 to 1991 (Census Data)[261]
Ethnic group White Black Brown Yellow (Asian) Undeclared Total
1872 3,787,289 1,954,452 4,188,737 - - 9,930,478
1940 26,171,778 6,035,869 8,744,365 242,320 41,983 41,236,315
1991 75,704,927 7,335,136 62,316,064 630,656 534,878 146,521,661
Religion
Main article: Religion in Brazil
Religion in Brazil (2000 Census)[262]
Religion Percent
Roman Catholicism
 
73.8%
Protestantism
 
15.4%
No religion
 
7.4%
Spiritism
 
1.3%
Others
 
2.1%
Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic population.[263] According to the 2000 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 73.57% of the population followed Roman Catholicism; 15.41% Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist spiritism; 1.22% other Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13% Buddhism; 0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam; 0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 7.35% have no religion.[262]
However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly Pentecostal Protestantism, has risen, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped sharply.[264] 21.7% of Afro-Brazilians, 19.5% of Indigenous Brazilians, 18.2% of Brown (Multiracial) Brazilians, 15.16% of White Brazilians and 13.3% of Asian Brazilians are Protestants. Soon after Protestantism, Irreligion also have had a rise in Brazil, approximately 8% to 13% in recent researches. Boa Vista and Rio de Janeiro counts with the greatest proportional numbers of irreligiosity in Brazil as the state capital and federative unit, respectively.[citation needed] The most irreligious Brazilians according to colour/race classification in 2000 were the Asian (12.5%) and Indigenous Brazilians (11%). The least, the Brown people or Multiracials (5.6%).
Urbanization
Main article: List of largest cities in Brazil
According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.[265] The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.[266] Almost all of the state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).[267]
view · talk · editview · talk · edit Largest cities of Brazil
2011 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimate[268]
Rank City Name State Pop. Rank City Name State Pop.

São Paulo

Rio de Janeiro
1 São Paulo São Paulo 11,839,570 11 Belém Pará 1,402,056
Salvador

Brasília
2 Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 6,355,949 12 Goiânia Goiás 1,318,148
3 Salvador Bahia 2,693,605 13 Guarulhos São Paulo 1,233,426
4 Brasília Federal District 2,609,997 14 Campinas São Paulo 1,088,611
5 Fortaleza Ceará 2,476,589 15 São Luís Maranhão 1,027,429
6 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 2,385,639 16 São Gonçalo Rio de Janeiro 1,008,064
7 Manaus Amazonas 1,832,423 17 Maceió Alagoas 943,109
8 Curitiba Paraná 1,764,540 18 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro 861,157
9 Recife Pernambuco 1,546,516 19 Teresina Piauí 822,363
10 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 1,413,094 20 Natal Rio Grande do Norte 810,780
Language
Main articles: Languages of Brazil, Portuguese language, and Brazilian Portuguese


Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo, the first language museum in the world.
The official language of Brazil is Portuguese,[11] which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The exception to this is in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira where Nheengatu, a currently endangered South American creole language with mostly Indigenous Brazilian languages lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that once was a major lingua franca in Brazil, has been granted co-official status with Portuguese.[269] Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.[270]
Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and more recent immigrants, coming from Northern regions, and in minor degree Portuguese Macaronesia), with some influences from the Amerindian and African languages, especially West African and Bantu.[271] As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries (the dialects of the other countries, partly due to the more recent end of Portuguese colonialism in these regions, have a closer connexion to contemporary European Portuguese). These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.[271]
In 2008, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of Portuguese into one international language, as opposed to two diverged dialects of the same language. All CPLP countries were given from 2009 until 2014 to adjust to the necessary changes.[272]
Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.[271] There are significant communities of German (mostly the Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect, of Venetian origin) speakers in the south of the country, both of which are influenced by the Portuguese language.[273][274] Brazil is the first country in South America to offer Esperanto to High School students.[275]
Culture

Main article: Culture of Brazil

1 x 0

Choro "1 x 0" ("Um a zero"), recorded by Pixinguinha and Benedito Lacerda. Choro is a brazilian genre of instrumental music.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.
The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles.[276] The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.[277][broken citation] Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.[278][broken citation] The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.[279]


Machado de Assis, poet and novelist whose work extends to almost all literary genres, is widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writer.[280]
Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)[281][282] to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism.
Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.[283][broken citation]
Music
Brazilian music encompasses various regional styles influenced by African, European and Amerindian forms. It developed distinctive styles, among them samba, MPB, choro, Sertanejo, brega, forró, frevo, maracatu, bossa nova, and axé.
Literature
Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and natives that amazed Europeans that arrived in Brazil.[284][broken citation] Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism — novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarany, Iracema, Ubirajara.[285]
Cuisine
Main article: Brazilian cuisine


Feijoada, a dish made with black beans, pork, rice, collard greens, cassava flour and orange
Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's mix of native and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.[286] Examples are Feijoada, considered the country's national dish;[287] and regional foods such as vatapá, moqueca, polenta and acarajé.[288]
Brazil has a variety of candies such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos (coconut truffles and clove) and romeu e julieta (cheese with a guava jam known as goiabada). Peanut is used to make paçoca, rapadura and pé-de-moleque. Local common fruits like açaí, cupuaçu, mango, papaya, cocoa, cashew, guava, orange, passionfruit, pineapple, and hog plum are turned in juices and used to make chocolates, popsicles and ice cream.[289]
Popular snacks are pastel (a pastry), coxinha (chicken croquete), pão de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca), pamonha (corn and milk paste), esfirra (Lebanese pastry), kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine), empanada (pastry) and empada little salt pies filled with shrimps or hearth of palm.
But the everyday meal consist mosty of rice and beans with beef and salad.[290] Its common to mix it with cassava flour (farofa). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[291]
The national beverage is coffee and cachaça is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha.
Sports


Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Brazil.[292]
The most popular sport in Brazil is football (soccer). The Brazilian national football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.[293] Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Brazil men's national volleyball team, for example, currently holds the titles of the World League, World Grand Champions Cup, World Championship and the World Cup. Others sports practiced in Brazil are tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach football,[294] futsal (indoor football)[295] and footvolley emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,[296] Vale tudo,[297] and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.[298] In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.[299][300][301]
Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including UFC 134, the 1950 FIFA World Cup[302] and has been chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[303] The São Paulo circuit, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.[304] São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963,[305] and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.[305] On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games, the first to be held in South America[306] and second in Latin America after Mexico.
In May 2010 Brazil launched TV Brasil Internacional, an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, former President of Brazil, described its aim as "presenting Brazil to the world."[307]
See also

Geography portal
Latin America portal
South America portal
Brazil portal
Outline of Brazil
Index of Brazil-related articles
International rankings of Brazil
List of Brazilians
South America Life Quality Rankings
South America Life Quality Rankings - Economy and Finance
South America Life Quality Rankings - Law and Justice
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^ Lyra (v.3), p. 126
^ Barman (1999), p. 361
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^ Levine; Robert M. ”Vale of Tears: Revisiting the Canudos' Massacre in Northeastern Brazil, 1893–1897” University of California Press 1995 ISBN 0520203437 Pages 36–37; 55(last paragraph) and 330
^ See Levine 1995, Chapter 4
^ Sevcenko; Nicolau ”A Revolta da Vacina” (Portuguese) Cosac Naify 2010 ISBN 9788575038680
^ Barman, Roderick J. ”Millenarian Vision, Capitalist Reality: Brazil's Contestado Rebellion, 1912–1916” Canadian Journal of History December 1, 1995 University of Saskatchewan Vol30 Nr3 Pg542
^ E. Bradford Burns; “A History of Brazil” Columbia University Press 1993 ISBN 9780231079556 from 2nd paragraph of p242 to p245
^ Roland, Maria Inês; “A Revolta da Chibata” (Portuguese) Saraiva 2000 ISBN 8502030957
^ Woodward; James P. ”A Place in Politics: São Paulo, Brazil, from Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt” Duke University Press Books 2009 ISBN 0822343290 Chapter 4
^ Skidmore, p. 154
^ Paul F. Brandwein; "The social sciences: concepts and values, Volume 6" Harcourt, Brace & World 1970 Page 389
^ Skidmore, pp. 155–156
^ Bueno, pp. 328 and 331
^ Bradford Burns 1993, Ibidem p352
^ Fausto (2005), p. 249
^ Fausto (2005), p. 267
^ Skidmore, p. 162
^ Bueno, p. 336
^ Skidmore, p. 164
^ Patricia Baum; "Dictators of Latin America" Putnam 1972 Page 74
^ Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; "The New international year book" Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989 Page 102 "The Fascist Revolt"
^ David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" Columbia University Press 2001 Chapter 5 Page 125
^ Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 Pages: 105 3rd paragraph and 145 1st one
^ Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001. Potomac Books, 2003 ISBN 1574884522 Part 4; Chapter 5 – World War I and Brazil, 1917–18
^ M.Sharp, I.Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002 page 97
^ Barman 1999, Ibidem Page405 2nd paragraph
^ Mónica Hirst & Andrew Hurrell; "The United States and Brazil: a long road of unmet expectations" Taylor & Francis Books 2005 ISBN 0-415-95066-X Pages 4 & 5
^ See Scheina, 2003 Part 9; Chapter 17 – World War II, Brazil and Mexico, 1942–45
^ Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; "Latin America during World War II" Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 Page 150
^ Fausto (2005), p. 281
^ Skidmore, pp. 182–183
^ Bueno, pp. 346–347
^ Skidmore, pp. 188–194
^ Skidmore, p. 201
^ Skidmore, pp. 202–203
^ Skidmore, p. 204
^ Skidmore, pp. 204–205
^ Skidmore, pp. 209–210
^ Skidmore, p. 210
^ Fausto (2005), p. 397
^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 141–142.
^ a b Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, p. 35.
^ Elio Gaspari, A ditadura escancarada (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002), p. 193.
^ Skidmore, p. 239
^ Fausto (2005), p. 422
^ Bueno, p. 379.
^ Fausto (2005), p. 455.
^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 34–35.
^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 35–36.
^ Bueno, p. 382.
^ Fausto (2005), p. 460.
^ Fausto (2005), pp. 464–465.
^ Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475.
^ The name of the current Brazilian currency came both from the Real Unity of Value (a transition currency) and from an older currency that existed until 1942. In Portuguese it is called "Real", meaning "royal", as it originated in Portugal, then a monarchy (Skidmore, p. 311).
^ Fausto (2005), p. 482.
^ Fausto (2005), p. 474.
^ Fausto (2005), p. 502.
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^ a b c d e "Brazil". Country Guide. BBC Weather. Retrieved 2008-06-11.
^ a b c d e "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. Retrieved 2008-06-11.[dubious – discuss]
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^ Silva, Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo, p. 592.
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^ "More bounty". The Economist. 2008-04-17. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
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^ "Brazil – Transportation," Encyclopedia of the Nations (nationsencyclopedia.com).[dubious – discuss]
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^ IBGE. 2008 PNAD. População residente por cor ou raça, situação e sexo.
^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"
^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade"
^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade."
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^ "Shaping Brazil: The Role of International Migration". Migration Policy Institute.
^ José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasil[dead link]" Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p. 5.
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^ "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes," The Washington Post, 8 July 2007.
^ a b Enciclopédia Barsa vol. 4, p. 230.
^ DNA tests probe the genomic ancestry of Brazilians. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2003.
^ a b Coelho (1996), p. 268.
^ a b Vesentini (1988), p. 117.
^ Adas, Melhem. Panorama geográfico do Brasil, 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268
^ Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3.
^ a b c Moreira (1981), p. 108.
^ Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265.
^ Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75.
^ Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355.
^ Azevedo (1971), p. 74.
^ a b Azevedo (1971), p. 161.
^ Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy, "The role of international migration in the evolution of the Brazilian population (1872 tp 1972), Revista de Saúde Pública (Journal of Public Health)[vague] Volume 8, suplemento. June 1974. ) (1974). Table 2, p. 74. (Portuguese) available on scielo.br as a PDF file.
^ PNAD 2008, IBGE. "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade."
^ PNAD 2008, IBGE. "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade"
^ PNAD 2008, IBGE. "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo e alfabetização."
^ http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/
^ a b IBGE, População residente, por sexo e situação do domicílio, segundo a religião, Censo Demográfico 2000. Acessado em 13 de dezembro de 2007
^ "Brazil". International Religious Freedom Report. U.S. Department of State. 2005-11-08. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ (Portuguese) Panorama of religions. Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 2003.
^ "IDBGE". IBGE. 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-08. (Portuguese)
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^ a b c "Languages of Brazil". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
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^ "O talian".
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^ Candido; Antonio. (1970) Vários escritos. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p.18
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Bibliographic
Azevedo, Aroldo. O Brasil e suas regiões. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. (Portuguese)
Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 (English)
Boxer, Charles R.. O império marítimo português 1415–1825. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902929 (Portuguese)
Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 8508082134
Calmon, Pedro. História da Civilização Brasileira. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002. (Portuguese)
Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. (Portuguese)
Coelho, Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996. (Portuguese)
Diégues, Fernando. A revolução brasílica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. (Portuguese)
Enciclopédia Barsa. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987. (Portuguese)
Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002), 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 8573263083(Portuguese)
Gaspari, Elio. A ditadura envergonhada. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902775 (Portuguese)
Janotti, Aldo. O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. (Portuguese)
Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese)
Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 8535908072 (Portuguese)
Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981. (Portuguese)
Munro, Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. (English)
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 8571648379 (Portuguese)
Skidmore, Thomas E. Uma História do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 8521903138
Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. (Portuguese) ISBN 9788520008645
Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 8573024410 (Portuguese)
Vesentini, José William. Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988. (Portuguese)
Vianna, Hélio. História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994. (Portuguese)
Further reading

Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 1805–1819).
"Background Note: Brazil". US Department of State. Retrieved 2011-06-16.
Bellos, Alex (2003). Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.
Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
Costa, João Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
Furtado, Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.
Malathronas, John (2003). Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.
Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.
Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.
Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. 2006.
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